{"id":17913,"date":"2016-05-07T15:18:16","date_gmt":"2016-05-07T15:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalgeek.co\/?p=17913"},"modified":"2016-05-07T15:18:16","modified_gmt":"2016-05-07T15:18:16","slug":"shall-we-send-robots-to-jail","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalgeek.co\/shall-we-send-robots-to-jail\/","title":{"rendered":"Shall we send robots to jail?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A month ago, AlphaGo, a software developed by Google Deep Mind defeated the champion Lee Sidol during a 5 game long match of Go.<\/p>\n<p>AlphaGo is a machine learning software that has been \u2018trained\u2019 with a database of 600.000 games and then by playing against itself. Its\u00a0winning match made the history: and not only because it proves how advanced and intelligent machine learning systems have become.<\/p>\n<p>Apparently Alpha Go was capable of a winning move that many have defined <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/03\/sadness-beauty-watching-googles-ai-play-go\/\">beautiful<\/a>, unpredictable, human-like. Actually, more than human like. As a commenter said: \u201cIt\u2019s not a human move. I\u2019ve never seen a human play this move.\u201d The move was totally unexpected.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Move 37!! Lee Sedol vs AlphaGo Match 2\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JNrXgpSEEIE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Rewind.<\/em> It\u2019s 1997 and Gary Kasparov has just been defeated by IBM Deep Blue in a seminal chess match. The machine wins after an <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2001\/10\/chess-2\/\">\u201cincredibly refined move\u201d<\/a> that Kasparov defines practically counterintuitive and so unexpected. Funnily enough, years later, one of the Deep Blue\u2019s designers reveals how that counterintuitive move was not programmed, but the mere result of a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2012\/09\/deep-blue-computer-bug\/\">bug. <\/a>\u00a0A mistake, in other words.<\/p>\n<p>Robots are capable not only of clever behavior, but of actions\u00a0they were not programmed nor expected to do. \u00a0But as Stanford Law fellow <a href=\"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/2016\/04\/14\/abstract-conceptualization-and-ip-infringement-by-ai-part-ii\/\">Eran Kahana<\/a> has noticed \u201cWithin the context of a game, AI unpredictability is harmless. But once we exit that safe haven, (&#8230;) the consequences of a \u201cshocking\u201d action can be dangerous and expensive\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>So either the unexpected behaviour is the consequence of some autonomous process, or an error: who\u2019s responsible for the machine\u2019s actions?<\/p>\n<p>Legal scholars and practitioners have been asking this question since <a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/6988\/6f7330afda440910573ac23973e04a1afa90.pdf\">1983 <\/a>at least.<\/p>\n<p>And it seems to me, after all, that the scene is divided among 2 kind of approaches.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Blade Runner approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The supporters of what I&#8217;ll call the Blade Runner approach\u00a0\u00a0basically ask if robots can or will be able to feel and think like a human \u00a0and if we have a way to find it out.<\/p>\n<p>Now, asking if a robot\u00a0<em>really<\/em> understand\u00a0seems a bit of an extreme question\u2026 But look at this.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalgeek.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Dog-gif-AI-law.gif\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17935\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legalgeek.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Dog-gif-AI-law.gif\" alt=\"Dog gif AI law\" width=\"636\" height=\"356\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Just a guy kicking a robot dog&#8230;but something doesn&#8217;t feel quite right. Many people started to complain that the dog was being mistreated, that kicking was cruel, that \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sciencetech\/article-3168081\/Should-robots-human-rights-Act-regulate-killer-machines-multiply-demand-right-vote-warns-legal-expert.html#ixzz47hirMnmY\">Kicking a dog, even a robot dog seemed wrong<\/a>\u201d. Basically, we tend to attribute human features to machines. So no wonder we try to do it in the world of law.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal law often requires culpability in the offender: we call it the \u201cguilty mind\u201d or <i>mens rea. <\/i>That\u2019s why for this group of folks, it\u2019s important to find<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/robot-law-what-happens-if-intelligent-machines-commit-crimes-44058\"> out if the robots\u00a0has committed a crime with guilty mind, that is, has intentions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>And even if some concludes that unpredictable actions like AlphaGo\u2019s moves<a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/technology\/future_tense\/2016\/04\/the_challenge_of_determining_whether_an_a_i_is_sentient.html\"> \u201cmay not be enough evidence for sentience\u201d<\/a>, other plea for more research into the robot\u2019s mind. \u201cIf we continue to develop sophisticated forms of artificial intelligence, we have a moral obligation to improve our understanding of the conditions under which artificial consciousness might genuinely emerge\u201d s<a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/opinions\/we-have-greater-moral-obligations-to-robots-than-to-humans\">ays<\/a> Eric Schwitzgebel, professor of philosophy at the University of California.<\/p>\n<p>All this seems arous, doesn\u2019t it? We are not even aware of how the human brains and human consciousness fully works &#8211; how can we establish that for computers?<\/p>\n<p><strong>The practical\u00a0approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are others that approach the matter in a different, more practical way. They don\u2019t ask and don&#8217;t care if the robot\u00a0is sentient. They move into the realm of what we lawyers call \u201ctort law\u201d. All they ask if and when the designers of the machine should be held accountable for its\u00a0unpredictable behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/2016\/04\/14\/abstract-conceptualization-and-ip-infringement-by-ai-part-ii\/\">Kahana<\/a>, they shouldn\u2019t: but not because the robot\u00a0should be held accountable instead. Designer shouldn\u2019t because this wouldn\u2019t be \u201creasonable, fair and economically efficient\u201d. \u201cIf AI designers are by default (unlimitedly) liable because they build AI applications that can behave unpredictably that can have an undesired effect of hobbling a nascent industry\u201d .<\/p>\n<p>For Kahana we need a balanced, down to earth approach, mixing legal and industry standards and valuing case by case. \u201cIf, for example, an AI designer was legally required to bake in a security mechanism (such as a back-door) that disables the AI when a harmful activity occurs, the failure to implement it becomes the violation, not the design of the AI itself.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Similar premises for <a href=\"http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/transportation\/advanced-cars\/selfdriving-cars-will-be-ready-before-our-laws-are\">IP attorney Nathan Greenblatt<\/a>, which focuses on the issues raised by Google cars. \u00a0We don\u2019t need to look for a computer\u2019s will or mens rea says Greenblatt &#8211; \u201cThe robo-driver\u2019s private \u201cthoughts\u201d (in the form of computer code) need not be parsed. Only its conduct need be considered.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If there\u2019s a negligent conduct and damage, it will be the carmaker to be held accountable. Which, for Greenblatt, is both fair and economically efficient: \u00a0manufacturers would just need to pay insurance for each vehicle (which could possibly be lower than for human driven cars).<\/p>\n<p>So, should we investigate what\u2019s going on computers mind or just understand how to attribute liability on the designer or manufacturer? Whatever route we decide to pursue, the field is open.<\/p>\n<p>Robots can challenge the way we apply the law; and they could even teach us something new. Fan Hui, another Go champion, after being defeated by AlphaGo, has seen himself improve dramatically after studying the robots moves: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/03\/sadness-beauty-watching-googles-ai-play-go\/\">\u201cthe experience has, quite literally, changed the way he views the game\u201d<\/a>. Could that happen in law too?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Further readings:<\/p>\n<p>Eran Kahana <a href=\"https:\/\/law.stanford.edu\/2016\/04\/14\/abstract-conceptualization-and-ip-infringement-by-ai-part-ii\/\">Abstract Conceptualization and IP Infringement by AI: Part II<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nathan A. Greenblatt <a href=\"http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/transportation\/advanced-cars\/selfdriving-cars-will-be-ready-before-our-laws-are\">Self-Driving Cars Will Be Ready Before Our Laws Are<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Jeffrey Wale, David Yuratich, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/robot-law-what-happens-if-intelligent-machines-commit-crimes-44058\">Robot law: what happens if intelligent machines commit crimes?<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ryan Calo, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/technology\/future_tense\/2016\/04\/a_robotics_law_expert_on_paolo_bacigalupi_s_mika_model.html\">When a Robot Kills, Is It Murder or Product Liability?<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Clarissa V\u00e9liz <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/technology\/future_tense\/2016\/04\/the_challenge_of_determining_whether_an_a_i_is_sentient.html\">The Challenge of Determining Whether an A.I. Is Sentient<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eric Schwitzgebel <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/opinions\/we-have-greater-moral-obligations-to-robots-than-to-humans\">We have greater moral obligations to robots than to humans<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; A month ago, AlphaGo, a software developed by Google Deep Mind defeated the champion Lee Sidol during a 5 game long match of Go. AlphaGo is a machine learning software that has been \u2018trained\u2019 with a database of 600.000 games and then by playing against itself. Its\u00a0winning match made the history: and not only [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-read"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Shall we send robots to jail? - Legal Geek<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more about robots, the law, and what it means to regulate artificial intelligence and law tech startups.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalgeek.co\/shall-we-send-robots-to-jail\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Shall we send robots to jail? 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